- Maids with employment problems should complain to:
Ministry of Manpower's Foreign Workers Unit at Tel: (65) 6317 1298
Web Sites
Auk.com.sg provides maids. Located in
Bukit Timah Shopping Centre.
Lucky.com.sg has nannies,
housekeepers, caregivers, and new maids for hire.
Maid-Force.com is a maid
recruitment agency located in Lucky Plaza.
MaidPower.com is a maid recruitment
agency located in Peninsula Plaza.
MaidLibrary.com.sg has a list
of about 400 available maids from 12 maid agencies for you to browse
through free of charge. You can take a look at pictures as well as the
maids' biodata.
NewWay.com.sg is a maid recruitment
agency located in Far East Plaza and Coronation Plaza.
The Ministry of Manpower (MOM) has revoked
the licences and forfeited the security deposits of three employment
agencies (EA) - Ms Bushra Employment Agency, CM Manpower Centre Pte Ltd
and Angel Maids Agency.
These EAs have breached the Employment
Agencies Act by illegally deploying foreign domestic workers (FDWs)
to perform work at households when they have not obtained valid
work passes1...
The Ministry of Manpower will require
employers to purchase and maintain insurance for the medical expenses of
foreign workers from 1 January 2008.
This requirement is being implemented in
tandem with the withdrawal of healthcare subsidies for foreigners1,
which was previously announced by the Ministry of Health. The
requirement will apply to:
All new and existing foreign workers
on Work Permit or S Pass from 1 January 2008.
All new foreign domestic workers, and
existing foreign domestic workers when employers renew their Work
Permits, from 1 January 2008.
"This contract is designed to help
smoothen employer/employee relationships from the onset, by
minimising any ambiguities on the employment terms.
"For example, the contract will
include the stipulation of the minimum of one day-off
entitlement for the Foreign Domestic Workers (FDWs).
However, if the day-off is not taken, the employer will have to
compensate the FDW in cash...
"Tailor-maid for the elderly" The Straits Times 11 Jan 2006
(4)
"...According
to the Ministry of Manpower, there are 150,000 foreign
domestic workers in Singapore. But it was unable to say how
many were hired specifically to look after the elderly.
"Maid agencies
interviewed estimate that 30 per cent of the 150,000 figure
- or 45,000 - are engaged for that purpose, with employers
generally preferring Indonesians..."
"The EA had failed to provide acceptable
housing for FDWs under its charge by housing them in the kitchen and
backyard of a house.
"In a separate incident, the EA also withheld
the passports of FDWs placed by them. Finally, the EA had failed to
repatriate an FDW upon the revocation of the in-principle approval of
her work permit within the Ministry’s stipulated deadline of 14 days..."
Indonesian
maid gets life sentence for killing employer's
mum-in-law
Indonesian
maid Purwanti Parji, 19, was sentenced to life
imprisonment yesterday for killing her employer's
mother-in-law in a Tai Keng Gardens house on 4 Aug
2003.
The
minimum age for maids here will soon be raised from 18
years. Manpower Minister Ng Eng Hen yesterday hinted
that the new minimum age would fall between 18 and 25.
The proposed changes will not affect maids already
working here.
Source:
Straits Times 30 Aug 2004 (H1)
Maid
survives 3-storey fall in Choa Chu Kang
A
26-year-old Indonesian maid was hospitalised in stable
condition at National University Hospital yesterday
after she fell three storeys to the ground while
apparently cleaning windows at a flat in Block 681 in
Choa Chu Kang Crescent.
Source:
Straits Times 11 Jun 2004 (H6)
An Indonesian maid
was yesterday jailed for 1½ years for injuring a 4-year-old boy
she was looking after. The boy suffered burns on his shoulder,
thigh and arm after she had punished him by placing a hot iron on
several parts of his body. (Straits Times 6 May 2004) (H6)
The Indonesian
Embassy here yesterday said that from March 2004, it will be
compulsory for Indonesian maids coming to Singapore to work to take
a one-day test in Batam. The test includes a health check, an
oral test on basic English and a practical on various household
tasks. Since 1999, 96 Indonesian maids have died in Singapore, said
the embassy. (Straits Times 16 Feb 2004) (H4)
From 1 April 2004,
first-time maid employers will have to attend compulsory S$20
half-hour orientation courses conducted by human resource
professionals. Otherwise, the employers will not have the maid's
work permit application approved. There are 140,000 maids here.
(Straits Times 7 Feb 2004) (H1)
2003
An Indonesian
maid was jailed for 10 months yesterday for scalding a toddler
in her care on 19 Aug 2003. Eni Suciana Sukarman, 22, admitted
splashing a cup of hot water on the two-year-old girl. (Straits
Times 29 Aug 2003 H8)
An
Indonesian maid was yesterday jailed for 15 months for
attempting to cause harm to her employer's 63-year-old
mother-in-law Madam LIANG Aizhu. Ria Rohati Riswandi, 19,
had taken a packet of soya bean milk, poured some into a glass
and stirred some glue into it before pouring the tainted milk
back into the packet on 10 Feb 2003. The old lady did not drink
it. (Straits
Times 10 Apr 2003)(H6)
A maid
pleaded guilty to seven charges of child abuse in a district court
yesterday. Aan Andriyani, 24, was caught on camera abusing her
employer's four-month-old daughter in December 2002 and January
2003. (Straits
Times 25 Mar 2003)(H4)
A
doctor turned consultant for a firm producing medical software
was jailed for four months yesterday after she admitted to
burning her Indonesian maid's arm with an iron. LIM May
Ling, 42, initially faced eight other charges of abusing her
maid, Miss Lilis Suryani, 20, but these accusations were
withdrawn yesterday. (Straits
Times 25 Feb 2003) (H5)
Printing
assistant QUAK Yik Yin, 48 was yesterday sentenced to six years'
jail and 12 strokes of the cane after he pleaded guilty to three
counts of molesting and wrongfully restraining his 21-year-old
Indonesian maid at his flat in Choa Chu Kang Avenue 3. (Straits
Times 5 Feb 2003)
2002
An
Indonesian maid jumped to her death from a 19th-storey
Queenstown flat on 4 Oct 2001 after she was slapped twice in
two days by her employer's wife. CHAN Jin Mun, 32, who admitted
slapping the maid, Madam Kesi Rusik, 28, was sentenced to two
weeks' jail yesterday. (Straits
Times 18 Dec 2002) (H8)
A man
who molested his Indonesian maid was sentenced to five years in
jail and eight strokes of the cane on two counts of aggravated
molestation. Hassan Kalok, 39, molested the 19-year-old maid on
the eve of Hari Raya last year when she was changing the curtains
in the bedroom of his Yishun flat. (Straits
Times 17 Dec 2002) (H5)
A
Filipino maid has been jailed for six months for ill-treating a
five-year-old boy under her care. Glory Aragon Ganiban, 28,
pleaded guilty to slapping and pinching the boy at a flat in
Clementi between July 1 and 12 this year. (Straits
Times 10 Dec 2002) (H6)
The
Ministry of Manpower (MOM) yesterday announced that accredited
maid agencies now have to renew their licence only once every
three years, instead of annually. MOM and the Consumers
Association of Singapore (Case), which handles the CaseTrust
accreditation scheme launched in May 2002, will also put the
names of accredited agents on their Web sites. (Straits
Times 31 Oct 2002) (H2)
An
Indonesian maid who jumped out of her employer's seventh-floor
bedroom window and landed on her feet survived the fall. She
then walked to a nearby bus-stop in Pasir Ris Drive 6 where she
got a taxi-driver to call the police and ambulance service. A
District Court heard yesterday that Ms Siti Nurkhasanah Muhidin,
20, had been locked inside the room for four days by her
employer who had also hurt her physically. (Straits
Times 15 Oct 2002) (H6)
A
man was sentenced to 12 months' jail yesterday for secretly
taping his 25-year-old Filipino maid changing her clothes by
hiding a video camera in her room. TOO Tien Koh, 40, was also
fined S$2,000 for possessing four video tapes of obscene films. (Straits
Times 5 Oct 2002) (H8)
Three
women were each jailed for six months yesterday for making an
Indonesian maid take off her clothes and do squats repeatedly.
Kamisah Mohamed, 27, Haryati Sahat, 31, and Zuriana Mohamed Yusof,
28, were customer service executives at NBK Employment Agency in
Joo Chiat Road. Kamisah was also fined S$1,000. The maid,
aged 21, had been sent to her maid agency for counselling after
her employer complained about her poor work performance. But the
two-hour counselling session turned into a humiliating ordeal. (Straits
Times 20 Sep 2002) (H5)
A man
was yesterday sentenced to nine months' jail and ordered to be
given three strokes of the cane for outraging the modesty of his
maid. Salim Hassan, 45, had crept into his maid's room in the
early hours of the morning and touched her private parts, through
a blanket, while she was sleeping in his Yishun Street 22 flat.
Salim was arrested 10 days after his wife took the maid to lodge a
police report. (Straits
Times 27 Aug 2002) (H4)
A
finance manager who had used a belt and a bamboo pole to hit her
maid was yesterday jailed for six months. Joyce TAN Lee Mei,
43, abused her Indonesian maid, Miss Purnari, 25, on four
occasions between November 2001 and January this year. The maid
called the police from a void-deck phone. (Straits
Times 14 Aug 2002) (H4)
Indonesian
maid Sulika Admobadi, 27, was yesterday jailed for two years and
six weeks for threatening to jump from the 15th floor of a
building with her employer's two-year-old daughter because
he did not grant her a transfer. Her employer, British national
Mr Hughes, 38, managed to grab her to stop her from jumping off.
(Straits
Times 12 Jun 2002) (H2)
Indonesian
maid Sundarti Supriyanto, 22, was charged in court yesterday
with the murder of her employer and her employer's young
daughter. Madam Angie NG Wee Peng, 34, and POH Shiqi, 3,
were found dead with stab wounds in a blaze at Madam POH's
office in Block 165 Bukit Merah Central on May 28. (Straits
Times 12 Jun 2002 (3)
Maid
agencies' accreditation with the Consumers Association of
Singapore (Case) will eventually become mandatory, Manpower
Minister LEE Boon Yang announced in Parliament on May 18. The
law will make it compulsory for maid agencies, which now bring
in more than 80 per cent of the 140,000 maids here, to be
accredited in order to have their licences renewed. This will
ensure that the agencies maintain acceptable professional and
acceptable ethical standards, and do not follow dubious
practices. (Straits
Times 28 May 2002) (H3)
A
35-year-old part-time clerk who poked her Indonesian maid on the
head with a wooden chopstick and pinched her all over the body
was sentenced to three months' jail on Wednesday. TAN Kim
Boey pleaded guilty to assaulting the maid, Miss Siti Solikhatun
Nasirun, 22, on Dec 27, 2000. (Straits
Times 17 May 2002) (H7)
An
Indonesian maid who lied to the police to cover up the fact she
had stolen S$2,900 in cash and S$11,250 in jewellery from her
employer was yesterday jailed for seven months by a district
court. Sulastri, 33, had cut her own thigh and rubbed a coin
repeatedly around her neck to make it look as if she was injured
during a struggle with a robber. She also forced open a bedroom
window grille at her employer's Eunos flat. (Straits
Times 26 Apr 2002) (H5)
The
owner of a maid agency yesterday admitted outraging the modesty
of a Filipino maid at his home in Lemon Avenue on 12 April 2001.
KOH Gim Phiaw, 29, had taken the maid into his bedroom and
touched her breast while she was under his care. He was
sentenced to 12 months in jail and three strokes of the cane. (Straits
Times 26 Apr 20020 (H5)
Police
detained a 33-year-old Indonesian maid yesterday for stealing from
her employer and giving a false report. A day earlier, she had
claimed to have fought off two burglars in her employer's flat in
Eunos and sustained injuries during the attack. Jewellery worth
S$18,000 and S$2,900 in cash were recovered. (Straits
Times 18 Apr 2002) (H2)
An
Indonesian maid who shook a three-month-old baby so hard that it
caused his skull to fracture was jailed for 15 months yesterday
for wilfully ill-treating him. Maria Fransiska Dewi, 23, admitted
shaking the baby at her employer's home in Jalan Bukit Merah on
Dec 5 last year. (Straits
Times 23 Mar 2002) (H7)
Hospital
employee Jennicia CHOW Yen Ping, 30, who bit her maid on the
breast and nipples repeatedly was sentenced to five years' jail,
one of the stiffest penalties for maid abuse meted out in
Singapore. The maid is now under the care of the Indonesian
Embassy. (Straits
Times 19 Mar 2002) (4)
A
customer relations officer at a private hospital yesterday
pleaded guilty to causing "severe bodily pain" and
nine other charges of maid abuse. These included splashing
boiling water on the maid's left hand, forcing her right wrist
to touch the rack of a hot oven, poking her thighs with a pair
of scissors and hitting her head with the back of a chopper.
Jennicia CHOW Yen Ping, 30, also bit her 19-year-old maid's
breast and nipples repeatedly - through her T-shirt or on her
bare skin - until one nipple fell off. CHOW, who has been active
in community work, has been the assistant secretary and
assistant treasurer of the Sembawang Citizens' Consultative
Committee since May 1999. (Straits
Times 5 Mar 2002) (H9)
Employers
who make their maids' lives hell by subjecting them to mental as
well as physical abuse will be punished severely. The High Court
has ruled that a combination of both types of abuse warrants a
harsher punishment than that for physical abuse alone. (Straits
Times 4 Mar 2002) (4)
A
primary school teacher who slapped, punched and scalded her
Indonesian maid with hot water was sent to jail for 10 months. HENG
Kwee Huang was also fined S$3,000 after she was found guilty of
all four counts of abusing her maid, Ms Yunmarmi, 24, at her
flat in Block 627 Yishun Street 61 in July 1999. HENG is
appealing against the sentence. (Straits
Times 21 Feb 2002) (H5)
A
maid who brandished a knife and charged towards her employer
during an argument over a haircut was yesterday jailed for two
months. Sulasmi Paiman, 21, had been working for Madam CHAN Fong
Yin since Nov 4, 2000. (Straits
Times 8 Jan 2002) (H5)
2001
A
businessman who molested his 18-year-old maid on her first day
of work was yesterday sentenced to 18 months' jail and nine
strokes of the cane. KOO Lai Chuan, a father of three girls,
aged 8, 12 and 14, brought the maid back to his Sengkang flat in
Block 5 Buangkok South Farmway 1 from the maid agency on Oct 6
last year. At home, he said he wanted to check her body and
molested her after removing her clothes, touching her breasts
and other parts of her body. (Straits
Times 28 Dec 2001) (H6)
A
consultant, CHEW Lee Cheng, 35, was sentenced to two months' jail
yesterday after pleading guilty to two charges of causing hurt to
her Filipino maid, Miss Beverly Dablo Go, 30, on March 6. A
magistrate's court heard that CHEW slapped her maid and scratched
her neck with her fingernails for buying the wrong brand of bread
home.
(Straits Times 21
Dec 2001)(H4)
The
Consumers Association of Singapore said it received 262 complaints
against maid agencies this year, and most were about unfair
contracts. It received 168 complaints last year - almost 100 fewer
than this year. Of the 30 complaints the Ministry of Manpower
receives every month, two are about unfair contracts.
(Straits Times 11
Dec 2001)(H4)
A
businesswoman who slapped and scalded her maid with hot water was
jailed for six months by a district court. Last month, TAN Peng
Chen, 36, pleaded guilty to scalding Miss Ratna Indrawati, 35, at
her Jalan Bukit Merah flat in March.
(Straits Times 10
Dec 2001)(H1)
Only
four people were barred in 1997 from employing another foreign
maid after having abused their last maid. But, the number has
climbed to 8 in 1998, 20 in 1999 and 39 last year. This
year, up to October, 33 maid abusers were barred by the Manpower
Ministry from getting another maid. Since 1998, people who
ill-treat or hurt their maids have faced more severe penalties,
such as jail terms of seven years or more, instead of only a
maximum five-year sentence. (Straits
Times 10 Dec 2001) (H1)
A man who
molested his young Indonesian maid on her first day at work
was yesterday found guilty of four sexual-abuse charges. He was
convicted of touching the maid's breast and private parts on Oct
6 last year, on the pretext of checking her body when he took
her home from the maid agency on her first day. KOO Lai
Chuan, 42, whose bail was increased to S$20,000, had his case
adjourned to Dec 27. (Straits Times 7 Dec
2001)(H4)
An
Indonesian maid died at a Bedok Reservoir Road flat on Sunday,
apparently from injuries inflicted the day before. Her
employer, a 46-year-old male freelance tourist guide, turned
himself in at the Eunos Police Post that evening. The man, who
lives in Chai Chee and is believed to be married with two
children, was arrested for her murder. (Straits
Times 4 Dec 2001) (6)
A woman
slapped her maid three times on the head, kicked her on the leg
and punched her in the stomach for being slow in cleaning the
baby's milk bottle. LIM Lan Eng, 41, a housewife and single
parent, pleaded guilty to three charges of abusing her
Indonesian maid, Miss Sulikah, 27, at her home in Marine
Crescent. Magistrate Gilbert LOW postponed sentencing to Jan 2.
LIM is out on S$10,000 bail. (Straits
Times 28 Nov 2001) (H3)
Yesterday
TAN Peng Chen, 36, a businesswoman, pleaded guilty to two charges
of causing hurt to her Indonesian maid, Ms Ratna Indrawati, 35.
TAN lost her cool when her maid filled up a plastic water bottle
with hot water, causing it to lose its shape. In a fit of temper,
she grabbed the water bottle and splashed its contents over the
maid. The Maid suffered burns to her waist as a result. (Straits
Times 20 Nov 2001)(H3)
A
part-time maid bashed her employer, 67, to death with a telephone
and then robbed her of her valuables, the High Court heard
yesterday. Thamayanthi, 27, an Indian national, is now on trial
for murdering Madam Nagalingam Anjella on March 26 between 2pm and
6pm. (Straits
Times 16 Nov 2001)(7)
An
employer who molested his Indonesian maid in his Serangoon Avenue
3 flat on Jan 15 this year was sentenced to 42 months' jail and
six strokes of the cane for the sexual assault. In sentencing LIM
Tow Suan, 40, a father of three, District Judge Mavis CHIONH said
that the sentence must reflect the gravity of the crime. (Straits
Times 13 Nov 2001)(H2)
A court heard that a young Indonesian maid pointed a knife at
her employers' two-month-old baby and demanded that her
passport be returned to her. This happened after Madam See Tho
Sook Han, 29, had scolded the maid for dropping things at her
Woodlands Avenue 6 flat on Friday evening. That threat from
Suwanti Inkaprasetya, 19, landed her a six-month jail term
yesterday. (Straits
Times 11 Nov 2001 (5)
A
woman who was fined S$4,500 for slapping her Indonesian maid will
now go to jail for 12 weeks instead. The Chief Justice yesterday
allowed the appeal of the Public Prosecutor that the offence
should attract a jail term. In yesterday's case, businesswoman
CHONG Siew Chin, 43, assaulted her maid, Miss Bonasih Sarmo, 23,
and told her to say she had fallen in the toilet if anyone asked
her about the marks on her face. (Straits
Times 9 Nov 2001)(3)
Housewife
Farida Begam Mohamed Artham, 27, who hit her maid with a slipper
and the wooden handle of a scrubbing brush, had her three-month
jail term tripled yesterday after the prosecution appealed against
the lower court sentence. (Straits
Times 2 Nov 2001)(4)
A
young domestic maid who made a false report claiming she had been
raped by her employer's husband was jailed for two weeks
yesterday. The truth is Suliyah Mat Ngali had sex willingly with
Mr KOH Kong Guan, 54, the court heard. The 21-year-old pleaded
guilty to giving false information to a police officer on May 19.
She told the officer that Mr KOH, a retiree, had raped her at his
Pine Grove apartment earlier that month. (Straits
Times 6 Oct 2001)(H6)
An
Indonesian maid, who hid a dead foetus in a shoe box, and her
Singaporean boyfriend, who helped her miscarry, were each jailed
nine months yesterday. Dwi
Astuti, 24, and handyman Roslan Osman,
36, who gave her two batches of anti-ulcer stomach pills, pleaded
guilty to causing a miscarriage. (Straits
Times 18 Sep 2001)(H2)
A
woman died in hospital after falling from a seventh-storey flat in
Toa Payoh yesterday, clutching a bamboo pole with clothes hanging
from it. Believed to be an Indonesian maid in her early 20s, the
woman was taken to Tan Tock Seng Hospital but died two hours
later. (Straits
Times 12 Sep 2001)(H2)
A
maid fell to her death in Pasir Ris on Monday morning.
Ms Kamisah Murdikin fell while cleaning the windows of the
10-storey flat in Block 544, Pasir Ris Street 51. Since the year
began, five maids have fallen from high-rise flats. Only one
survived the plunge. (Straits
Times 22 Aug 2001) (H2)
A
couple who pinched and caned their Indonesian maid repeatedly
was yesterday sentenced to three months' jail and fined S$1,500
each. They are appealing against the district judge's
decision. On 21 Jul 2001, LIM Chuan Huat, 42, and his wife, TAN
Suan Kheng, 34, were convicted of abusing Ms Suprapti, 27, at
their home in Choa Chu Kang Avenue 2 after a trial. (Straits
Times 29 Jul 2001) (28)
Singapore's Ministry of Manpower (MOM) said last week that 21
maids had fallen from high-rise buildings since 1999. It
said yesterday it did not have a breakdown by nationality. More
than 140,000 maids work here, about one for every eight
households. As many as half could be from Indonesia, agencies
said.(Straits
Times 20 Jul 2001) (H1)
Jakarta: Indonesia has again imposed a temporary ban,
effectively immediately, on the sending of maids to Singapore,
in response to what the government said was the high number of
accidental deaths of Indonesian maids in the republic since
1999. Manpower and Transmigration Minister Alhilal
Hamdi claimed yesterday that in the past 30 months, 43
Indonesian maids had fallen to their deaths while attempting to
clean windows and other fixtures in high-rise buildings. At
least one death was confirmed to be a suicide, while the rest
were ruled as work-related fatalities, he said. Although his
ministry's ruling is effective immediately, it will not force
repatriation of those maids already working in Singapore. (Straits
Times 19 Jul 2001) (6)
A
21-year-old Indonesian maid is in critical condition after falling
seven storeys from her employer's flat. Police said she was found
lying on the ground at Blk 477 Pasir Ris Drive 6 early on Monday
morning. She was, apparently, last seen in the kitchen hanging
clothes out to dry. (Straits
Times 27 Jun 2001)
A
housewife who used a broom handle to hit her maid on the head,
stomach, back and shoulder and also slapped her with a slipper on
the cheeks and forehead was sentenced to three months in jail.
Farida Begum Mohammed Artham, 27, had been found guilty on 19 May
2001 after a trial. The assault took place on 30 Aug 1999 at Blk
496E Tampines Ave 9. Farida is appealing against the sentence.
(Straits Times 2 Jun 2001)
A
58-year-old man who molested his 18-year-old Indonesian maid was
sentenced to 15 months' jail on 3 Apr 2001 after District Judge Audrey
LIM convicted him of molesting the maid on 3 Oct 2000. In the
two-day trial last month, the court heard that CHIA Fook Kun, who
is unemployed, attacked the maid when his wife and daughter were
in Malaysia. (Straits Times 4 Apr 2001)
2000
Employer gets jail sentence for molesting new maid
A freelance
sales executive and father of three molested his 21-year-old Indonesian
maid barely a week after she began work here as a domestic maid. Ronnie
ANG Kheng Beng, 34, was sentenced to nine months' jail and six strokes
of the cane after he admitted using criminal force to outrage the
woman's modesty. (Straits Times 16 Dec 2000)
Levy on foreign workers and maids to be reviewed in 2001
The government will
review the levy on foreign workers and domestic maids in 2001 when the
economic climate becomes clearer. Manpower Minister LEE Boon Yang told
reporters on 10 Dec 2000 the government would see whether the levies set
during the economic downturn continued to be relevant, or if they should
be adjusted to reflect the change in the economic environment. (Straits
Times 11 Dec 2000)
New guidebook for maids
A new information guidebook
that provides advice and information to foreign domestic workers was
launched by the Ministry of Manpower on 21 Oct 2000. Titled "A Handy
Guide for Foerign Domestic Workers", the 88-page paperback covers
topics, such as basic first-aid; road safety; crime prevention, caring
for children; the elderly and invalids and preparing healthy meals. The
guidebook is available in English, Tatalog, Tamil, Sinhalese and Bahasa
Indonesia. It will be distributed free to the 100,000 foreign domestic
workers in Singapore. New workers will be given a copy on
arrival.
Maid falls to her death from fifth-storey flat
A 20-year-old
Indonesian maid fell to her death from a fifth-storey flat in the
Southhaven condominium in Hindhele Walk in Bukit Timah in the early
morning of 7 Oct 2000. She is the fifth maid to die in this way this
year. There have been 25 such deaths in the past four years.